西方妇女运动代表人物

       西方妇女运动的三次浪潮轰轰烈烈进行了一百多年，期间涌现出许多代表人物，极大地推动了妇女意识的觉醒和妇女的自由解放。下面就选取各个时期具有典型意义的代表性人物介绍给广大读者。

    Clara Zetkin

       克拉拉·蔡特金(1875-1933), 德国社会主义革命家、著名妇女领袖、国际妇女运动的先驱人物。由于克拉拉把实现人类和妇女的全部解放作为其毕生心愿并为之奋斗，被誉为“国际妇女运动之母”。

    Clara Zetkin was born in a peasant village in Saxony, Germany. Ms. Zetkin developed connections with the women’s movement and the labor movement in Germany from 1874. Ms. Zetkin was interested in women’s politics, including the fight for equal opportunities and women’s suffrage. She developed the social-democratic women’s movement in Germany. In 1907 she became the leader of the newly founded “Women’s Office” at the Social Democratic Party of Germany, and started the first “International Women’s Day” on March 8, 1910, launching the idea in Copenhagen.

    Simone de Beauvoir

       西蒙娜·德·波伏娃(1908-1986), 法国存在主义作家，女权运动的创始人之一。波伏娃最重要的作品是《第二性》，这部作品被认为是女权运动的“圣经”。

    Simone de Beauvoir was a French feminist. One of her best known texts is her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women’s oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism. It sets out a feminist existentialism which prescribes a moral revolution. As an existentialist, she insisted that existence precedes essence -- hence “one is not born a woman, but becomes one.” She argued that women have historically been considered deviant and abnormal and contended that even Mary Wollstonecraft considered men to be the ideal toward which women should aspire. Ms. de Beauvoir argued that for feminism to move forward, this attitude must be set aside.

    Betty Friedan

       贝蒂·弗里丹（1921～2006），美国女权运动 “第二次浪潮”领军人物。1963年她写的《女性的奥秘》被奉为女性主义著作经典，并点燃了美国女权运动“第二次浪潮”的导火索。

    A leading figure in the “Second Wave” of American feminism, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is sometimes credited with sparking a revolution in feminism. Ms. Friedan co-founded the National Organization for Women in 1966 and aimed to bring women into the mainstream of American society. In 1970, Ms. Friedan organized a nationwide Women’s Strike for Equality on August 26, the fiftieth anniversary of American woman having the right to vote. Ms. Friedan was also a strong proponent of the repeal of abortion laws. 

    bell hooks

       贝尔·胡克斯，美国最著名的女权主义理论家。她的著作《我不是一个女人吗：黑人女性与女权主义》和《女权主义理论：从边缘到中心》等书中传达的思想对美国女权主义理论的发展有重要的贡献。

    Gloria Jean Watkins (born September 25, 1952), better known by her pen name bell hooks, is an American author, feminist and social activist. Her first major work, Ain’t I a Woman﹖: Black Women and Feminism, was published in 1981. The book examines several recurring themes in her later work and gained widespread recognition as an influential contribution to postmodern feminist thought. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center is the second book by bell hooks. Published in 1984, the book confirmed her importance as a leader in radical feminist thought.